Forskning i jod av dr. Sebastiano Venturi

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Iodine, PUFAs and iodolipids in health and diseases: an evolutionary perspective.
Iodine, PUFAs and iodolipids in health and diseases: an evolutionary perspective. (2)

Iodine, PUFAs and iodolipids in health and diseases: an evolutionary perspective. (PUFAs = Polyunsaturated fatty acids)
S Venturi, CA Castellano, SC Cunnane
Human Evolution: Past, Present & Future: Anthropological, Medical & Nutritional Considerations. London, 8-10th May 2013

Iodine and polyunsaturates (PUFA)
• Crucial for the evolution of life
• “Membrane lipid language“ of cells (2) (Figures 1, 2)
• Structurally and metabolically synergic

Iodide (I-) – an antioxidant
• Electron donor through peroxidase enzymes.
• Most ancient inorganic antioxidant in all iodide concentrating cells from primitive marine algae to vertebrates (4,5).

Evolution of the thyroid and brain
• Origin in the primitive vertebrate foregut
• About 500 million years ago, thyroid cells specialized in the uptake and storage of iodo-compounds in the thyroid, a new follicular organ.
• At the same time, ectodermic cells differentiated into neuronal cells and became the primitive nervous system (2, 3).

Iodo-lipids
• Synthesized by thyroid cells, neurons
• Novel “words” of the chemical “lipid language”
• Membrane adaptation to the terrestrial environment.
• Implicated in apoptosis, carcinogenesis, degenerative diseases as well as "(semi)aquatic theory" of human evolution.

PUFA susceptible to peroxidation
• Primitive oxygenic and photosynthetic algae, the basis of the marine food chain, accumulated trace-elements such as I and Se to protect the fragile PUFAs in their cell membranes against peroxidation (~3.5 billion years ago).
• In chemistry, the amount of unsaturation (double bonds) in PUFA is the iodine value or iodine number.
• Fish do not synthesize omega-3 fatty acids but only accumulate them by eating algae.

Hypothyroidism in humans
• Thyroidectomy or iodine deficient hypothyroidism - metabolic and phylogenetic regression to antecedent reptile stage.
• Many symptoms of the hypothyroid humans seem to be like in reptiles: dry, hairless, scaly and cold skin with a general slowdown of metabolism, digestion, heart rate, nervous reflexes, lethargy and hypothermia (6).

Amphibian metamorphosis
• Iodine and T4 stimulate the spectacular apoptosis (programmed cell death) of the cells of the larval gills, tail and fins
• Transforming the aquatic, vegetarian tadpole into the terrestrial, carnivorous frog with better neurological, visuospatial, olfactory and cognitive abilities for hunting (6).
• Contrasts with neotenic amphibian salamanders, which, without introducing iodine, don’t transform in terrestrial adults and live and reproduce in the larval form of aquatic axolotl.

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Iodine, PUFAs and iodolipids in health and diseases: an evolutionary perspective. (2) (PUFAs = Polyunsaturated fatty acids)

The structural, metabolic and synergic actions of iodine and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are of crucial importance for the evolution of life on earth and for the "membrane lipid language“ of the cells (2) (Fig. 8).

Iodide (I-), acts in marine and terrestrial organisms as an electrondonor through peroxidase enzymes and it is the most primitive inorganic antioxidant in all iodide-concentrating cells from primitive marine algae to more recent vertebrates.

About 500 million years ago, thyroid cells (which had their origin in the primitive vertebrate foregut) migrated and they specialized in the uptake and storage of iodo-compounds in the thyroid, a new follicular organ. At the same time, ectodermic cells differentiated into neuronal cells and became the primitive nervous system and brain. (2, 3).

Both these cells types synthesize iodo-lipids, as a novel “words” of the chemical “lipid language” that developed among cell membranes as an adaptation to the terrestrial environment. The study of iodo-lipids might be a new study area for research on apoptosis, carcinogenesis and degenerative diseases as well as on the "(semi)aquatic theory" of human evolution.

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