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Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health.
Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health. (2)
Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health. (2005)
S. Venturi and M. Venturi
Lecture held at the “Thyroid Club” Annual Meeting of Bologna University, Febr.16, 2005

INTRODUCTION. Iodine (I) is the richest in electrons of the required elements in the animal diet, and as iodide (I-) enters into the cells. Inorganic iodide is necessary for all living animal cells, but only the vertebrates have the thyroid gland and its iodinated hormones.

In humans, the total amount of iodine is about 25-50 mg. About 50-70 % of total iodine is non-hormonal and it is concentrated in extra-thyroidal tissues, where its biological role is still unknown. In 1985, Venturi has hypothesized that iodide might have an ancestral antioxidant function in all I-concentrating cells from primitive marine algae to more recent terrestrial vertebrates [1-5 ]. In these cells iodide acts as an electron donor in the presence of H2O2 and peroxidases. The remaining iodine atom readily iodinates tyrosine, histidine or certain specific lipids, and so, neutralizes its own oxidant power.

Keywords: evolution, iodine, antioxidant, apoptosis, oral pathology, salivary glands

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Iodine in evolution of salivary glands and in oral health. (2) (2009)
S. Venturi and M. Venturi
Nutr Health. 2009;20(2):119-34.

ABSTRACT. The authors hypothesized that dietary deficiency or excess of iodine (I) has an important role in oral mucosa and in salivary glands physiology. Salivary glands derived from primitive Iodine-concentrating oral cells which, during embryogenesis, migrated and specialized in secretion of saliva and iodine.

Gastro-salivary clearance and secretions of iodides are a considerable part of “gastro-intestinal cycle of iodides”, which constitutes about 23% of iodides pool in the human body. Salivary glands, stomach and thyroid share I-concentrating ability by sodium iodide symporter (NIS) and peroxidase activity, which transfers electrons from iodides to the oxygen of hydrogen peroxide and so protects the cells from peroxidation.

Iodide seems to have an ancestral antioxidant function in all Iodine-concentrating organisms from primitive marine algae to more recent terrestrial vertebrates. The high Iodine-concentration of thymus supports the important role of iodine in the immune system and in the oral immune defence.

In Europe and in the world, Iodine-deficiency is present in a large part of the population. The authors suggest that the trophic, antioxidant and apoptosis-inductor actions and the presumed anti-tumour activity of iodides might be important for prevention of oral and salivary glands diseases, as for some other extrathyroidal pathologies.

FOREWORD. In the 1930s a correlation between malnutrition and oral health was reported, and, as cited by Weston A. Price (1939), some researchers have also hypothesized the specific correlation between Iodine-deficient goitre and dental caries (Hardgrove, 1939).

Price, in his famous world investigation "Nutrition and Physical Degeneration: A Comparison of Primitive and Modern Diets and Their Effects" (1939), mentioned that "in fish and sea food were essential trace-elements such as iodine, copper, manganese and special vitamins, which were very important for the prevention of health problems and tooth decay" in many coastal populations.

The aim of our study is to search for the pathophysiological correlation between these early nutritional studies and more recent (biochemical, autoradiographical and epidemiological) data regarding the correlation between dietary iodine and oral and salivary glands health.

Keywords: antioxidants; evolution; iodine; oral, dental and salivary pathologies

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