FLUORINE INTOXICATION
A Clinical-Hygienic Study
With A Review Of The Litterature And Some Experimental Investigations.
By Dr. Kaj Eli Roholm



Published by NYT NORDISK FORLAG, Arnold Busck, Copenhagen 1937
Published by H.K. LEWIS & CO. LTD. 136 Gower Street, London 1937

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface (see below) V-VII
Introduction (coming soon) - 1
  • The Chemistry of Fluorine Compounds
  • History
  • Own Investigations


PART I
A Review of the role played by fluorine in biology

Chapter I - IX (see: 1 - 9)

1. Fluorine intoxication in man - 9
  1. Local Effect
  2. Acute Poisoning
    a. Frequency and Form
    b. Clinical Symptoms
    c. Morbis Anatomy
    d. Toxic and Lethal Dose
  3. Chronic Poisoning
    a. Sporadic Cases
    b. Poisoning with Cryolite
    c. Mottled Enamel


2. Intoxication of plants and animals - 36
  1. Injuries to Plants
  2. Acute Poisoning of Animals
  3. Chronic Poisoning of Animals
    a. Enzootics round Factories
    b. Darmous
    c. Domestic Animal Disease in Iceland after Volcanic Eruption
    d. Feeding on Fluoric Forage


3. Occurrence of fluorine in inanimate nature - 46
  1. Minerals and Rocks
  2. Soil
  3. Water
  4. Volcanoes


4. Distribution of fluorine in animate nature - 52
  1. Plants
  2. Bones and Teeth
    a. Presence of Fluorine
    b. Quantity
    c. Origin
    d. Form
  3. Other Animal Tissues


5. Effects of fluorine on protoplasm and enzymes - 60
  1. Protoplasm. Lower Organisms
  2. Effect on Blood in vitro
  3. Effect on Various Enzymatic Processes


6. Experimental investigations into the effects of gascous fluorine compounds - 64
  1. Effects on Plants
  2. Effects on Animals


7. Experimental acute and subacute fluorine intoxication - 67
  1. Experiments on Man
  2. Intoxication Symptoms in Animals
  3. Morbid Anatomy
  4. Effects on Various Tissues or Functions
    - The Blood
    - The Circulatory System
    - Musculature
    - The Central Nervous System
    - Glands
    - Renal Functions. N-Metabolism
    - Sugar Metabolism
    - Mineral Metabolism
    - Total Metabolism
    - Dental Tissue


8. Chronic experimental fluorine intoxication - 76
  1. Growth. General Condition. Reproduction
  2. Gastro-Intestinal Tract
  3. Urinary System
  4. Blood and Bone Marrow. Spleen
  5. Nervous System and Musculature
  6. Endocrine Glands
    a. Thyroid Gland
    b. Parathyroid Gland
    c. Other Glands
  7. Various Functions
    a. Inorganic Components of the Blood
    b. Calcium and Phosphorus Metabolism
    c. Other Functions
  8. Dental Tissue
    a. Gross Changes
    b. Treshold Values for rats
    c. Other Animals
    d. Histopathology
    e. Chemical Compositions
  9. Bone Tissue
    a. Gross Changes
    b. X-Ray Picture
    c. Histopathology
    d. Strength and Chemical Composition


9. Absorption, storage and excretion - 103
  1. Absorption
  2. Storage
  3. Excretion
  4. Maternal Transfer


PART II
Techniques employed in own investigations

Chapter X (see: 10)

10. Technique - 111
  1. Determining the Dust Quantity
  2. Analytical Technique
    a. Preparation of Organic Material
    b. Qualitative Test for Fluorine
    c. Quantitative Determination of Fluorine
  3. Histological Technique
  4. Haematological Technique
  5. Fluorine Compounds Used


PART III
Investigations into spontaneous cryolite poisoning

Chapter XI - XX (see: 11 - 20)

11. Cryolite and its manufacture - 121
  1. Occurence and Mining
  2. The Properties of Cryolite
  3. Processes in Cryolite Manufacturing


12. Number and employment-period of workers - 130
  1. Lenght of Employment-Period
  2. Extent of Investigation
    - Medical History
    - Physical Examination


13. Complaints of workers - 136
  1. Acute or Subacute Gastric Symptoms
  2. Intestinal Symptoms
  3. Symptoms from Circulation and Respiration
  4. Symptoms from Bones, Joints and Muscles
  5. Symptoms of Nervous Character
  6. Skin Symptoms
  7. Other Symptoms


14. Examination of osseous system - 141
  1. Röntgen Examination
    - 1st Phase
    - 2nd Phase
    - 3rd Phase
  2. Clinical Examination


15. Other results of physical examination - 148
  1. General Condition
  2. Teeth
  3. Respiratory System
  4. Circulatory System
  5. The Blood
  6. Nervous System
  7. Endocrine Glands
  8. The Skin
  9. Urine
  10. Sundry Examination


16. Examination of former cryolite workers - 162
  1. Questionnaire on Discomfort of Work
  2. Result of Röntgen Examination
  3. Workers from the Cryolite Mine at Ivigtut


17. Morbidity and mortality - 169
  1. Morbidity
  2. The Various Affections
  3. Mortality and Causes of Death


18. Post-mortem examination of two cryolite workers - 180
  1. Cryolite Worker No. 55
    - Medical History
    - Clinical Examination
    - X-Ray Examination
    - Necropsy
    - Macroscopic Examination of Bones
    - Microscopic Examination of Bones
  2. Cryolite Worker No. 200
    - Medical History
    - Clinical Examination
    - Bones
  3. Analyses


19. Examination of children of female cryolite workers - 195
  1. The mother is a former worker No. 100
  2. The mother is a former worker No. 98 at the factory
  3. The mother is a former worker born 1870


20. Survey of spontaneous cryolite intoxication - 200
  1. Agent and Dose
  2. Subjective Symptoms
  3. Physical Findings
  4. Pathological Anatomy
  5. Biochemistry
  6. Pathogenesis
  7. Diagnosis
  8. Prognosis


PART IV
Own experimental investigations

Chapter XXI - XXIV (see: 21 - 24)

21. Experiments on rats - 213
  1. Technique
  2. Subchronic Intoxication
  3. Chronic Intoxication
    - Growth and Mortality
    - Attitude and Gait
    - Symptoms from Alimentary Canal
    - Skin and Eye Symptoms
    - Teeth
    - Form and position anomalies
    - Organs
    - Bones
    - Microscopic Examination
  4. Summary


22. Experiments on pigs - 225
  1. Technique
  2. Course of Experiment. Symptoms
  3. Organs
  4. Bones
  5. Teeth
  6. Analyses
  7. Summary


23. Experiments on calves - 234
  1. Technique
  2. Course and Experiment. Symptoms
  3. Blood and Organs
  4. Bones
  5. Teeth
  6. Analyses
  7. Summary


24. Experiments on dogs - 244
  1. Technique
  2. Course of Experiment. Symptoms
  3. Blood and Organs
  4. Bones
  5. Teeth
  6. Analyses
  7. Summary


PART V
Discussion and general conklusions

Chapter XXV - XXX (see: 25 - 30)

25. The normal fluorine content of organic material - 257
  1. The Analytical Problem
  2. Vegetable Tissue
  3. Bones
  4. Teeth
  5. Other Animal Tissues


26. Acute fluorine intoxication - 262
  1. Clinical Symptoms
  2. Morbid Anatomy
  3. The Dose
  4. Pathogenesis
  5. Diagnosis
  6. Prognosis and Therapy


27. Chronic fluorine intoxication - 269
  1. Clinical Symptoms
  2. Morbid Anatomy
    - Gastro-Intestinal Tract
    - The Kidney
    - The Teeth
    - Bone Marrow. Spleen
    - Other Organs
  3. Biochemistry
    - Absorption and Excrection
    - Composition of the Blood
    - The Organs
    - The Bones
    - Metabolism
  4. The Question of the Dose
  5. Pathogenesis
  6. Diagnosis
    - The Dental Anomaly
    - Osteosclerosis
    - The Osteomalacic Condition
  7. Prognosis and Therapy
    - Dental Anomaly
    - Osteosclerosis
    - Osteomalacia


28. Posibilities of intoxication - 292
  1. Occurrence of Fluorine
    - Drinking Water
    - Food
    - Volcanoes
  2. Extraction of Fluoric Minerals
  3. Industrial Use of Fluorine Materials
  4. Various Uses of Fluorine Compounds in Technical Processes
  5. Use of Superphosphate
  6. Fluorine Compounds as a Poison for Noxious Animals and Plants
  7. Employment of Fluorine Compounds in the Food Industry
    - Wine
    - Fruit Juice
    - Other Food
  8. Use of Fluorine in Therapy
    - Pulmonary Tuberculosis
    - Bones. Teeth.
    - Hyperthyroidism
    - Disinfection
    - Other Uses


29. Prophylactic problems - 307
  1. Trade in Fluorine Compounds
  2. Use as Preservative in Food
  3. Use as Insecticide
  4. Undustrial Problems
  5. Other Prophylactic Problems


30. The physiological role of fluorine - 312
  1. The Necessity of Fluorine
  2. Stimulating Effect of Small Quantities of Fluorine
  3. The Action of Fluorine in Physiological Doses


PART VI

Summary - 316
- Occurrence of Fluorine in Nature
- Effect of Enzymatic Processes and Protoplasm
- Fluorine Compounds
- Acute Intoxication
- Chronic Intoxication
- Mode of Action of Fluorine
- Possibilities of Intoxication
- Prophylaxis

Sammenfatning (in Danish read below) - 322
- Fluors forekomst i naturen
- Virkning paa enzymatiske processer og protoplasma
- Fluorforbindelser
- Akut forgiftning
- Kronisk forgiftning
- Fluors virkemaade
- Forgiftningsmuligheder
- Profylakse

Bibliography - 328
- 36 Pages
- 893 References

ILLUSTRATIONS (see below)

TABLES (see below)